In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-Integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Purpose: The flourishing of political parties and currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran and since the formation of the constitutional movement, political currents have gone through many ups and downs and it can be said that political currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization and stability. A characteristic feature of political currents in Iran is the divergence and division among political currents in recent decades, and this can be one of the reasons for the instability and cross-sectional and seasonal activity of political parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors and divergence among political currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? And what are the scenarios for the advancement of political currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview and discourse (from charismatic political authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian political currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the political system, the collapse of political currents in the traditional form, integration and consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

سواحل به عنوان یکی از منابع غنی طبیعی، در سراسر دنیا از دیرباز، مورد توجه فعالان اقتصادی اعم از بخش گردشگری بوده است. در میان انواع بهره برداری ها از سواحل، گردشگری ساحلی، در ردیف قدیمی ترین شکل های گذران اوقات فراغت مردم محسوب و سالانه همراستا با توسعه امکانات و خدمات، به تعداد گردشگران ساحلی افزوده می شود. این رشد قابل توجه گردشگری ساحلی از یک سو و حضور و فعالیت دیگر فعالیت های اقتصادی منتفع از اراضی و منابع ساحلی از سوی دیگر، ضرورت به کارگیری رویکردی همه جانبه را در مدیریت گردشگری ساحلی می طلبد؛ رویکردی که بتواند با تفکر سیستمی، علاوه بر ایجاد هماهنگی میان اجزای تشکیل دهنده گردشگری، نسبت به محیط بیرون و سایر بخش ها نیز مسئول باشد. رویکرد یکپارچه به مدیریت، رویکردی است که با تأکید بر مشایفی، مباحث پیرامون مفهوم «مدیریت یکپارچه گردشگری ساحلی» بررسی و مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. مطابق بررسی ها و نتایج، اتخاذ این شیوه مدیریت در عین مطلوبیت و محبوبیت، نیازمند عملیاتی-کردن معیارهایی چون ایجاد بستر قانونی و صراحت و شفافیت مقررات، حمایت مالی، وضوح کافی تعیین مسئولیت ها، تمرکززدایی و توزیع قدرت منصفانه، فرهنگ سازی، تقویت احساس مسئولیت اجتماعی و نگرش و منطق پایداری در میان سازمان های درگیر و در ارتباط با گردشگری است که در برخی شرایط و کشورها، کار آسانی نخواهد بود.

در این نوشتار سعی می شود غیرساختار یافته بودن تصمیمات و ارتباط آنها در سطوح استراتژیک و تاکتیکی با استفاده از متدولوژی تعریف یکپارچه بررسی شده و روشی ساختار یافته ارایه شود. مباحث و منابع بسیار زیادی با موضوع تصمیم گیری، تئوری تصمیم گیری و سایر مباحث مربوطه وجود دارد، اما منابع زیادی در زمینه جنبه های تعاملی و اثرات متقابل تصمیم ها و تصمیم گیری ها وجود ندارد. رویکرد بررسی اثرات متقابل تصمیمات یکی از محورهای اصلی این تحقیق را شکل می دهد. تصمیمات اتخاذ شده در درون هر سیستم معمولا به ندرت مجزا و ساده هستند، این تصمیمات عمدتا متاثر از یکدیگر می باشند، این مجموعه مرتبط از تصمیمات را شبکه تصمیم گیری می نامیم. شبکه کلی و زیر شبکه ها را می توان از طریق ویژگی های متدولوژی تعریف یکپارچه ارزیابی نمود که نتیجه این ارزیابی ها، به صورت شبکه علت و معلولی، می تواند به شناخت و در نتیجه بهبود عملکرد سیستم منجر شود.

Trichogramma wasp is one of the most successful parasitic species in the world, mainly used to control many pests. The effects of field (RC) and half recommended concentrations (half RC) of four insecticides: 1. Tetraniliprole, 2. Chlorantraniliprole 3. Lufenuron, and 4. Thiocyclam was studied in different preimaginal stages of 1. Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko and 2. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Parasitized eggs of the angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were treated by 1. The dipping method at the larval, 2. Prepupal, and 3. Pupal stages of the parasitoid. For persistence evaluation, the insecticides were applied at the recommended concentration on tomato plants in a pot by a hand sprayer till the Runoff point. Plants were maintained under a transparent polyethylene rain cover in the field. Leaves of the treated tomato plants were sampled and transferred to the laboratory at time intervals of 3, 5, 16, and 31 days after application. In this experiment were adults (< 24 hours old) of T. brassicae and T. evanescens. Based on our results, thiocyclam at both RC and half RC was the most harmful insecticide for immature stages of both parasitoids. This insecticide at the prepupal stage (at both RC and half RC) had more adverse effects than in pupal or larval stages. Tetraniliprole, with 23.33% and 21.11% mortality in less than five days, was classified as the short-lived insecticide for T. brassicae and T. evanescens, respectively. The same result was obtained in the chlorantraniliprole treatment. That caused 25% and 26.11% mortality to the parasitoids, T. brassicae, and T. evanescens. Lufenuron, with 30.55% and 30.00% mortality in less than five days, was short-lived. However, thiocyclam, with 14.44% and 16.67% mortality in less than 30 days and 65.55% and 69.44% mortality in less than five days, was classified as moderately persistent for those two species. Therefore, according to the results, 1. tetraniliprole, 2. chlorantraniliprole, and 3. lufenuron can control lepidopteran pests by observing the appropriate spraying distance to release Trichogramma wasps. Thiocyclam, on the other hand, should be employed with extreme caution.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.